NEWS Human intervention has destroyed critical habitats for salmon and trout in Swedish streams. Researchers at Umeå University have discovered crucial clues to help restore the streams to their natural state. "To understand the processes that shape them, we need to think more about how glaciers function, rather than streams,” says Lina Polvi Sjöberg.
Aerial view of an unmodified boulder-bed stream showing the density of boulders and the diverse habitats these create.
ImageRichard Mason and Jens AnderssonSwedish streams are home to a wide range of animals, including salmon, trout and the threatened freshwater pearl mussel. For over a century, Swedish streams also provided a convenient way to transport logs from inland forests to coastal sawmills. To facilitate transport, streams were straightened and boulders dynamited, which destroyed critical habitat for salmon and trout.
Restoring these streams has been difficult because we know little about how they looked and functioned before human modification. Researchers at Umeå University have now found that glacial processes during the ice age and deglaciation 10,000 years ago control how these streams look and function today.
“These results change how we think about stream restoration in large parts of the Nordic region, since now we need to think more how about glaciers function rather than streams,” says Lina Polvi Sjöberg, Associate Professor at the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science.
For months the researchers toured northern Sweden searching for natural so-called boulder-bed streams. The study indicates that they function very differently to most rivers worldwide.
A boulder jam forms a large pool which is important habitat for fish.
ImageRichard MasonMost streams can change their width, depth, slope and roughness in response to water flow. This happens in predictable patterns, which underpin the science of stream restoration. However, the researchers found that Sweden's boulder-bed streams don’t show most of these patterns. In fact, they have remained relatively unchanged since the end of glaciation.
“The Swedish landscape is different due to the relatively recent influence of glaciers. This means that the ways in which streams are managed in other parts of the world, don’t always apply here,” says Lina Polvi Sjöberg.
The findings demonstrate that we need to change how we restore these streams, to mimic glacial legacies. This involves adding high densities of large boulders, scattered across the stream and removing bank stabilisation to allow streams to widen. Richard Mason, the postdoctoral researcher who led the field research explains:
“Since every stream is different, we need to become detectives to determine what each one would have looked like before human modification. For example, we found that by measuring boulders on land next to these streams, we could estimate the number of boulders that would have existed in the streams.”
Restoring streams back to their natural condition will help fish populations directly, by providing better habitat and food sources and helping fish to adapt to climate change.
“In places where we can restore natural processes, the streams themselves can often take over management for us and will be better able to look after themselves in an uncertain future,” says Richard Mason.
Boulders affect the flow of water and sediment leading to more diverse habitats.
ImageRichard Mason and Jens AnderssonRichard Mason & Lina Polvi. Unravelling fluvial versus glacial legacy controls on boulder-bed river geomorphology for semi-alluvial rivers in Fennoscandia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, November 2023, v.48. DOI: 10.1002/esp.5666
